daniatuahaahmed

Bethlehem is the biblical birthplace of Hazart Isa (A. S) . Bethlehem was founded in 1400BEC (eat) . In Arabic pronouncation Be t lahim.  ( house of meat)  and in Hebrew it's ( house of bread)  . It's the city of Palestinian and located in the central west bank of Palestinian about 10km ( 6.2 miles)  South of Jerusalem. The population of this city is about 25000 at that time and it's,  capital of Bethlehem. Bethlehem is one of the oldest city of history.

On the river Indus near Kashmore in the sindh province of Pakistan there is a barrage named guddu barrage .president Iskandar Mirza laid the foundation stone of guddu barrage on 2th February 1957 and completed in 1962 and inaugurated by Field Marshal Ayab Khan. The cost of barrage was 474.8 million rupees.  The length of barrage is 1355 meters. It used to control water flow in river Indus discharge capacity of 1.2 million cubic feet per second ( 34000 m/s) . The barrage has 64 bays,  each 60 feels (18m)  wide.  The maximum flood level height of guddu barrage 26feet ( 8m)  &  control irrigation supplies to 2.9 million acres  ( 12000km)  of agricultural land in the kashmore,  jacababad,  larkana, sukkur district sindh,  Naseerabad district of balochistan.  It feeds ghotki feeder,  Begari feeder desert & pat feeder cannals

On river Indus in Taunsa Tehsil of Dera Ghazi Khan District of Punjab there is a barrage called rains barrage which is situated 20 kilometers (12 miles)  southeast of Taunsa Sharif and 16 kilometers (9.9miles ) from Kot Addu . This barrage control water flow in river Indus for irrigation and Flood control purpose. It's designated by Ramsay site on 22 march 1996. The length of rains barrage is 4346 feet ( 1325m) and serves 2.351 million acres ( 951,400 hectares ) of land besides diverting flows from river Indus to the Chenab River. This barrage also serves as an arterial road bridge, a railway bridge & crossing for gas & oil pipelines telephoneline extra high voltage (EHV)  transmission lines.

Jinnah barrage on the River Indus near kalabagh in Pakistan construction started  beginning in 1939 and it's opening date was 1946. The height of barrage is 8.5 m (28ft)  length is 1152 m (3780ft) & spillway capacity is 950,000 cu ft/s (27000 m3/s) . It is the part of that project which help in irrigate in the Sindh. Sagar Doad east in Indus. In June 2012 a major rehabilitation for the barrage begin. It's includes the construction of a weir 244m (801ft)  and the project is expected to be complete in June 2016 .The new guide banks will be built and existing ones repaired.

The first construction barrage is sukkar barrage in 1923 to 1932 . It started building during the British Raj & named llory barrage. The construction under the overall direction of Sir Charlton Harrison CIE. Sukkar barrage was opened by the Viceroy of Indian lord Willingdon . The scheme had been launched by the government of Bombay, Sir George  Ambrose Lloyd later known as lord Lloyd for whom it was named. Dakar barrage is used to control water flow in the river Indus for irrigation & flood control purpose.  It's enables water to flow through and that was originally a network of canal 6166 miles 9923 km long feeding the largest irrigation system in the world,  with more than 5 million acres (20,000 km) of irrigated land.  The retaining wall has 66 spans each 60 feet ( 18m)  wide each span has a gate weighing 50 tons

Scientists have identified biological changes in apparently normal airway tissue that could potentially predict the development of lung cancer. The changes alter game & cell activity in the immune system. A team from Boston university school of medicine in Massachusetts let the student to made these finding ogling cancer. The researcher examined sample of precancerous lesions from the airway tissue of people who smoke. The team take years to see & search whose lesions became cancerous. In a nature communication paper,  they describe how they identified  four molecular subtypes of precancerous lession with the help of distinct tissue & immune system difference

Papyrus . Papyrus is a material of ancient Egypt . Papyrus was the writing material by which they save their documents or we can say that was the great invention of writing. Papyrus is the first thing which ancient Egypt used and made across NILE VALLEY ,it was also used throughout the Mediterranean region and kingdom of lush. YEAR OF PAPYRUS MADE .. It was fourth millennium BCE. WHAT IS PAPYRUS . it was fine,  firm white smooth surface of writing, which was produced in sheet of 13 digits (10 inches) wide papyrus came from plant and joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll form book.

In 1450 Johannes Gutenberg invented book. Invention of book started from the papyrus, parchment,  vellum till paper, oriented with one edge tied,  sewn or otherwise fixed together & then bound with flexible spine to protect the cover of that book. Book cover was heavier relatively inflexible material.  Codex, scroll  are other different types of that material of that time by the help of these materials they write and save there material. Today books we use are of different kind , they are of different subject some has good and fine paper and some not,  we read and writes on these materials .